Application Status of Properties of Surface and Interface in Research on Pharmaceutical Preparations / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The surface and interface,as the transition region between two phases,belongs to the category of physical chemistry.At present,it is widely used in materials and other scientific fields.Meanwhile,this property also plays an important role in pharmaceutical research.The interface layer involved in the progress of pharmaceutical preparations is connected with the two-phase or three-phase between gas,liquid and solid closely.The interface effect will affect the final shaping of pharmaceutical preparations and the dissolution and absorption of drugs in the human body.In this paper,the surface and interface characteristics(specific surface area,surfacial and interfacial tension and surface Gibbs free energy) were compared,and the application of interface phenomena(wetting,solubilization and emulsification) in pharmaceutical research were introduced.From the points of view of the progress control of pharmaceutical preparations and the effectiveness of their products,the article expounds the important role of properties of surface and interface in the field of pharmaceutical preparations.Therefore,it is necessary to pay attention to the properties of surface and interface,one of the key physical properties of drugs,and to apply them in the pharmaceutical research.

Relationship between Maternal PBMC HBV cccDNA and HBV Serological Markers and its Effect on HBV Intrauterine Transmission / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the relationship between maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalenty closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid (cccDNA) and other HBV serological markers and its effects on HBV intrauterine transmission.@*METHODS@#We enrolled 290 newborns and their hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers. HBV cccDNA in PBMC and HBV DNA in serum were detected by a real-time PCR-TaqMan probe while HBV serological markers were detected with an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.@*RESULTS@#There was a positive correlation between the levels of PBMC HBV cccDNA and serum HBV DNA and HBeAg (r = 0.436 and 0.403, P < 0.001). The detection rate of pattern A ['HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+), and anti-HBc (+)'] was significantly higher in the PBMC HBV cccDNA positive group than in the control group (χ2 = 48.48, P < 0.001). There was a significant association between HBV intrauterine transmission and PBMC HBV cccDNA (χ2 = 9.28, P = 0.002). In the presence of serum HBV DNA, HBeAg, and PBMC HBV cccDNA, the risk of HBV intrauterine transmission was three times higher (OR = 3.69, 95% CI: 1.30-10.42) than that observed in their absence. The risk of HBV intrauterine transmission was the greatest (OR = 5.89, 95% CI: 2.35-14.72) when both PBMC HBV cccDNA and pattern A were present. A Bayesian network model showed that maternal PBMC HBV cccDNA was directly related to HBV intrauterine transmission.@*CONCLUSION@#PBMC HBV cccDNA may be a direct risk factor for HBV intrauterine transmission. Our study suggests that serological markers could be combined with PBMC-related markers in prenatal testing.

Effect of PBMC HBV cccDNA in HBsAg-positive mothers on neonatal Th1/Th2 cytokines / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To explore the effect of PBMC HBV cccDNA in HBsAg-positive mothers on neonatal Th1, Th2 cytokines and the ratio of Th1/Th2. Methods HBsAg-positive mothers and their neonates delivered in the Third People’s Hospital of Taiyuan between June 2011 and July 2013 were recruited. Questionnaires on general information were collected by an in-person interview. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) were utilized to detect HBV serological markers.HBV cccDNA in PBMC was detected with real-time PCR-TaqMan Probe method, Th1 cytokines (interleukin 2, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) and Th2 cytokines (interleukin 4, interleukin 6 and interleukin 10) were detected with Procarta Plex Multiplex Immunoassays. Results Univariate analysis showed that the levels of IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 in the positive group were significantly higher than those in the negative group, while the ratio of Th1/Th2 was lower than that in the negative group (P=0.034, P=0.007, P=0.048, P=0.029). The levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in neonates delivered by vagina were significantly higher than those by cesarean section, while the ratio of Th1/Th2 was lower than that by cesarean section (P<0.001). The level of IL-10 in positive group of neonatal HBsAg was significantly higher than that in negative group, while TNF-α and Th1/Th2 ratio were lower than negative group (P=0.011, P<0.001, P=0.027). The degree of Th2 predominant response was reflected by ratio of Th1/Th2. After adjusting potential confounding factors in non-conditional logistic regression analysis, compared to those born to mothers with PBMC HBV cccDNA negative, neonates whose mother with PBMC HBV cccDNA positive had an increased risk of having a strong Th2 predominant response (OR=2.42,95% CI:1.16-5.04, P=0.018). The risk of a strong Th2 predominant response in neonates delivered by vagina was 5.49 times higher than those by cesarean section (OR=5.06, 95% CI: 2.95-8.67, P<0.001). Conclusion HBsAg-positive mothers’ PBMC HBV replication and vaginal delivery may increase the risk of having a Th2 predominant response in neonates. It is suggested that we should pay attention to the effect of maternal PBMC HBV replication and the mode of delivery on neonatal Th1/Th2 cytokines.

Correlation between chemical compositions of traditional Chinese medicine extracts and phenomenon of wall stickiness in spray drying / 中国中药杂志

To explore the correlation between chemical compositions (organic acids, small molecule sugars, protein and others) of traditional Chinese medicine extracts and the wall stickiness in spray drying. In this study, 55 types of most common used Chinese herbs were selected to determine the content of 7 chemical components such as citric acid and fructose from plant extraction. The status of wall stickiness was observed during the drying process. The principle component analysis (PCA-X), hierarchical clustering analysis(HCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were then used to evaluate the correlation between each chemical compositions and wall stickiness, so as to look for the essential chemical compositions associated with the wall stickiness. All of the above 3 statistical analysis methods showed significant results in distinguishing the two groups (sticky or non-sticky). PCA-X score chart and HCA clustering scatter plot suggested that the small molecular substance was the main factor causing wall stickiness, which was then proved by the reality where some of the traditional herb extracts were in non-sticky state after drying but in sticky state after alcohol precipitation. OPLS-DA results revealed that L-malic acid, citric acid, fructose and glucose were the difference factors for the wall stickiness of the extracts. Under small molecular components, L-malic acid, citric acid, fructose and glucose were the crucial factors that directly led to the hot melt sticky wall of the herbal extracts, and macromolecular substances might ameliorate the function of wall stickiness.

Pathological features and survival of triple positive breast cancer in 271 cases / 中国现代普通外科进展

Objective:To explore pathological features and survival of triple positive breast cancer (TPBC).Methods:The clinical data of 271 cases of triple positive breast cancer from January 2010 to January 2017 in Suqian area were collected,compared with 283 cases of Luminal B I (HER2 negative).The clinical pathological features and survival were analyzed.Results:Among 271 cases of triple positive breast cancer,there were 89 cases (32.84％) of distant recurrence and metastasis in 2 years,and 137 cases (50.55％) of distant recurrence in 5 years.Among 283 cases of Luminal B I,there were 32 cases (11.31 ％) of distant recurrence and metastasis in 2 years.and 52 cases (18.37％) of distant recurrence in 5 years.There were significantly differences(P＜0.05).1 year Disease-free survival (DFS)and Overall survival (OS) of all patients were 100％,Among 271 cases of triple positive breast cancer,2-year DFS and OS were 64.94 ％,85.24％ respectively.3-year DFS and OS were 54.98 ％,69.74％ respectively,5-year DFS and OS were 43.54％,47.23％ respectively.Among 283 cases of Luminal B I,2-year DFS and OS were 86.22 ％,95.76％ respectively.3-year DFS and OS were 81.98 ％,80.92％ respectively,5-year DFS and OS were 76.33％,67.49％ respectively.There were significantly differences(P＜0.05).Conclusion:TPBC has the characteristics of poor biological behavior,large mass,pathological grade of grade Ⅲ,vascular or nerve infiltration,axillary lymph node metastasis,high proliferation index and high tumor load,and early distant recurrence,low DFS and OS.We Should choose individualized,targeted treatment programs,based on patient's hormone receptor and Ki67 expression,so as to benefit patients of TPBC.

Expression of c-IAPl protein and mRNA in gastric adenocarcinoma and its clinical significance / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To investigate the protein and mRNA expression of c-IAPl in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue and its clinical significance. Methods Immunohistochemistry technique, Western blot and realtime fluorescent quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR) were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of c-IAPl in 50 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and40 cases of adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues to analyze its role in the development and progression of gastric adenocarcinoma, the relationship between the protein and mRNA expression of c-IAPl and the clinicopathological features. Results The relative expression level of c-IAPl protein in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal gastric mucosa tissues, the difference was statistically significant (P＜ 0.05 ). The mRNA expression of c-IAPl in gastric adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than normal gastric mucosa tissues, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05). The protein and mRNA expression of c-IAPl were correlated with the degree of differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma tissues, TNM clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and infiltration depth, the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05 ), while there was no correlation with gender and age, the difference was not statistically significant (P＞ 0.05). Conclusion The high protein and mRNA expression of c-IAPl in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues inhibit the apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells, which contribute to the development and progression of gastric carcinoma and it may provide a new theoretical basis for the clinical targeted therapy of gastric adenocarcinoma.

A new device for determination of adhesive force and its application in predicting hot-melt sticking in spray drying of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

A new device was designed to measure adhesive force and predict whether traditional Chinese medicine extracts would appear hot-melt sticking in spray drying process．Based on the physical property tester as fundamental test platform, the device was fixed with a camera, a temperature and humidity sensor probe and a set of equipment for hot air. This device could simulate the dry environment of spray dryer and analyze the variables of testing solutions' adhesiveness against drying time. To establish and validate a model of predicting hot-melt sticking in spray drying, data was collected by using data mining. The results of this study proved that the device could be used to predict the hot-melt sticking in spray drying based on the adhesive force of materials (testing solutions). In addition, the study also found that the adhesiveness of the hot-melt sticking materials gradually increased with the evaporation of water, while that of non-sticking materials first increased and then rapidly decreased.

Correlation of androgen receptor CAG repeats with the risks of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: a meta-analysis / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the association of the androgenic receptor (AR) CAG repeats with the risks of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We searched the major databases at home and abroad for the literature addressing the correlation of the AR gene CAG repeats with BPH and PCa. Based on the results of heterogeneity tests, we used the M-H fixed effect model and random effect model to pool the odds ratio (OR) effect size. We evaluated publication bias by Begg and Egger bias analysis, investigated the association of CAG repeats with the risks of BPH and PCa by systematic review, and stratified their relationship according to the races of the patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on the selection criteria, 4 of the 29 identified studies were included, with 485 cases of BPH, 767 cases of PCa, and 709 controls. There was no heterogeneity between the BPH and control groups, and no correlation between short CAG repeats and BPH after pooling the odds ratio (OR) effect size. Heterogeneity was found among the BPH, PCa and control groups. Random effects model suggested an association of short CAG repeats with the risk of PCa (OR(PCa/control) = 1.45, OR(PCa/BPH) = 1.86, OR(PCa/(BPH + control)) = 1.66), while subgroup analysis with racial stratification indicated inter-ethnic differences between the two. Begg and Egger bias analysis showed no significant publication bias.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Shorter CAG repeats are positively correlated with the risk of PCa but not with that of BPH.</p>

Association of TET2, LMTK2 and FAM84B gene expression with prostate cancer risk in Chinese patients / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the association between the common variations of TET2 (rs7679673, A), MTK2 (rs6465657, T) and FAM84B (rs12543663, C) genes and prostate cancer (Pca) risk in Chinese population in Beijing, and to understand the relationship between genotypes and phenotypes including clinical characteristics and life style, etc. in patients with prostate cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Based on a case-control study, 124 patients with prostate cancer and 138 age-matched control subjects were recruited. Information of clinical phenotype and life style, etc. in the prostate cancer patients was collected. We compared the differences of allele and genotype frequencies of TET2 (rs7679673, A), LMTK2 (rs6465657, T) and FAM84B (rs12543663, C) gene expressions between the two groups for the allele and genotype frequencies, and explored the relationship between different genotypes and clinical features such as patient age, BMI, Gleason score, PSA level and tumor stage, by Chi-square test in patients with PCa. Multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to detect the gene-gene interactions.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The FAM84B (rs12543663, C) C carriers frequency had significant difference between the case group and the control group (χ(2) = 3.980 P = 0.046; OR = 1.883; 95%CI = 1.006-3.526). The allele and genotype frequencies of TET2 gene (rs7679673, A) and LMTK2 gene (rs6465657, T) were not significantly different between the case group and the control group (P > 0.05). Analysis of the genotypes and clinical phenotypes showed that the genetic type of FAM84B C carriers [CX (CC + CA)] were significantly associated with cancer stage (χ(2) = 9.585; P = 0.002; OR = 3.740; 95%CI = 1.580 - 8.853). Association between three loci and 12 kind of relevant outcomes was found in TET2 A carriers and the smoking and drinking patients (all P < 0.05). Significant correlation was also found between LMTK2 (rs6465657, T) TX carriers and surgery (χ(2) = 8.612; P = 0.003; OR = 0.174; 95%CI 0.049 - 0.620). No significant correlation was seen with other covariates (P > 0.05). Dendrogram analysis among the three loci showed that the best model consisted of the three sites (P = 0.0270), cross validation consistency: 10/10, and testing balanced accuracy: 0.5120. There may be gene-gene interaction among TET2 (rs7679673, A), LMTK2 (rs6465657, T), and FAM84B (rs12543663, C).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There may be obvious association of FAM84B (rs12543663, C) gene with prostate cancer risk and the stages, and the synergistic effects of TET2 (rs7679673, A), LMTK2 (rs6465657, T) and FAM84B (rs12543663, C) genes may have an association with prostate cancer risk in Chinese population.</p>

Association of prostate cancer with PDLIM5, SLC22A3 and NKX3-1 in Chinese men / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association of prostate cancer (PCa) with PDLIM5 (rs17021918, T), SLC22A3 (rs9364554, C) and NKX3-1 (rs1512268, A) in Chinese men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We included 124 PCa patients and 138 normal controls in this study, compared the alleles and genotypes of PDLIM5 (rs17021918, T) , SLC22A3 (rs9364554, C) and NKX3-1 (rs1512268, A) of the two groups, and explored the association of each of the genes with the age, body mass index (BMI), Gleason score, PSA level and tumor stage of the patients. We analyzed the gene-gene interaction using the multifactor dimensionality reduction method (MDR).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency distribution of the risk alleles and genotypes of PDLIM5, SLC22A3 and NKX3-1 between the case and control groups (P > 0.05), nor were the three gene loci significantly associated with the age, Gleason score, PSA level and pathological grade of the PCa patients (CP < 0.05). MDR analysis showed no interaction between PDLIM5 and NKX3-1, but tree-diagram analysis revealed a possible synergistic action of the two polymorphism loci.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PCa might not be associated with PDLIM5 (rs17021918,T), SLC22A3 (rs9364554,C) and NKX3-1 (rs1512268,A) in Chinese men. However, PDLIM5 and NKX3-1 might have a synergistic action on the risk PCa.</p>

Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 17q and the risk of prostate cancer in a Chinese population / 癌症

In European populations, 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 17q, 3 SNPs on 17q12, and 4 SNPs on 17q24.3 were recently identified to be closely related to the risk of prostate cancer by a genome-wide association study. In Japanese populations, the correlation between 2 SNPs on 17q and the risk of prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness was also confirmed by a large-scale experiment. However, whether 17q is associated with prostate cancer and its clinical manifestations in Chinese populations is still unknown. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study in a northern Chinese population and tested 2 SNPs, rs4430796 and rs1859962, on 17q in 124 prostate cancer patients and 111 controls using polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melting curve (PCR-HRM) combined with sequencing. We analyzed the association of the 2 SNPs with the risk of prostate cancer as well as patients' lifestyles, onset ages, Gleason scores, PSA levels, and pathologic stages. We found a significant difference in the G allele of SNP rs1859962 (P = 0.035, OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.03-2.21) but not in the rs4430796 genotype frequency or allele frequency distribution between prostate cancer patients and the controls (P > 0.05). Neither of the SNPs was significantly associated with the onset age, Gleason score, PSA level, pathologic stage, or other clinical indicators of patients with prostate cancer (P > 0.05). Our results show that polymorphism of the G allele of SNP rs1859962 is associated with the risk of prostate cancer in a Chinese population.

Two single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosome 3 and the risk of prostate cancer in Chinese men / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation of the common variant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) on chromosome 3 with the incidence and related risk factors of prostate cancer (PCa) in Chinese men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using the case-control meth- od, we included 124 PCa patients in the PCa group and 111 age- and gender-matched cancer-free healthy subjects as normal controls. We detected the distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of the SNP rs10934853 and rs2660753 with the polymerase chain reaction-high resolution melting curve (PCR-HRM) combined with gene sequencing, analyzed the cumulative effect of the risk genotypes of these two independent variants, and determined the correlation between different genotypes of these two SNPs and clinically related risk factors in the PCa patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As for the genotypes of rs10934853, there were 28 cases of AA (22.8%), 46 cases of CC (37.4%), and 49 cases of AC (39.8%) in the PCa patients, as compared with 24 (22.0%), 34 (31.2%) and 51 (46.8%) in the healthy controls. As regards the genotypes of rs2660753, there were 13 cases of AA (11.0%), 59 cases of GG (50.0%) and 46 cases of AG (39.0%) in the PCa patients, in comparison with 9 (8.8%), 47 (45.6%) and 47 (45.6%) in the controls. No significant differences were found in the distribution of the genotype and allele frequencies of rs10934853 and rs2660753 between the two groups (P = 0.520 & 0.582). Analysis on the cumulative effect of the risk genotypes of rs10934853 and rs2660753 showed a slightly higher risk of PCa (OR = 1.831 & 1.968) in the two groups with risk genotypes than in the one with wild types (P > 0.05). Different genotypes of rs10934853 and rs2660753 were not correlated with clinically related risk factors of the PCa patients (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SNP rs10934853 and rs2660753 on chromosome 3 are not obviously correlated with PCa in Chinese patients, and may not be a genetic risk factor of PCa.</p>

Studies on heredity rule of the first genealogy regarding fatal familial insomnia in Henan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological,genealogic characteristic,familial history of the families with fatal familial insomnia,its clinical and pathological features as well as the heredity rule of related genes.Methods 135 familial members of 7 eras were studied.Vein blood samples from patients as well as from some familial members were collected.PRNP gene was studied with PCR,its serial was determined and then authenticated with Nsp I.Brain tissue was obtained for neuropathological test and PrPSc test with Western blot method.Results Clinical symptoms of the 2 diagnosed cases were typical.11 familial members died of similar neural disease.32 samples of their familial members,codon at D178N of PRNP of 11 members was mutated,with mutation rate as 34.38% while D129N showed as methionine.Brain tissue of both probands denaturalized into spongiform and the nerve fiber was absent but PrPSc protein was identified.Conclusion Genealogy was described in the family with fatal familial insomnia since the patients had typical clinical symptoms and pathological characteristics.It seemed necessary to confirm cases of fatal familial insomnia and their genealogy with epidemiological data and to investigate its gene characteristics as well as with neuropathological and Western blot tests.

Study on depression in 212 patients with viral hepatitis / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the symptoms on depression in patients with viral hepatitis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among the patients with viral hepatitis in infectious diseases Hospital of Taiyuan. The questionnaire included a Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, self-rating depression scale (SDS) , and a self-designed one related to information regarding general conditions of the disease and social support. Results (1)Depression symptom prevalence rate among chronic viral hepatitis patients was 54.7% (116/212). (2) Factors as age, occupation, education, confirmed time, number of recurrence and anti-virus treatment, self-confidence on recovery, satisfaction on the surrounding environment etc. that might be associated with depression. (3) The severity of depression was significantly negative correlation with social support scores, objective support scores, subjective support scores (r=-0.262, P=0.000;r=-0.228, P=0.001 ; r=-0.270, P=0.000). (4) There was positive correlation noticed between severity of the depressive disorder and Eysenck Personality two dimensions scores, while the scores of introversion and extroversion scores were negatively correlated (r=-0.330, P=0.000) but positively correlated to the emotional stability scores (r=0.309, P=0.000). Conclusion (1) Patients with hepatitis showed symptoms of depression to a certain degree. (2) Factors as age, occupation, education, economic situation, confirmed time of diagnosis, number of recurrence and anti-virus treatments, confidence on recovery, satisfaction on the surrounding environment might be associated with symptoms of depression. (3) There was positive correlation between severity of depressive and Eysenek Personality two dimensions scores but the scores of introversion and extroversion scores were negatively correlated.

Comprehensive study on the risk factors of hepatitis B virus intrauterine infection / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the risk factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) intrauterine infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Risk factors of HBV intrauterine infection were analyzed by nested case control study.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Data from univariate analysis revealed that risk factors of HBV intrauterine infection were positive results on HLA-DR3 (OR = 4.71, 1.62-13.66), HBV DNA (OR = 6.59, 2.72-15.97) and HBeAg (OR = 4.53, 1.93-10.64) in pregnant women, HLA-DR3 (OR = 3.91, 1.18-12.94) in newborn, HLA-I) R3 (OR = 5.96, 1.14-31.15) both in pregnant women and her newborns and HBV infection in placentas (OR = 2.51,1.12-5.60). Results from Multivariate unconditional logistics regression analysis showed that the risk factors of HBV intrauterine infection were positive in both HLA-DR3 (OR = 4.65, 1.44-15.05) and HBV DNA (OR = 6.56, 2.65-16.23) in pregnant women. However, there was no interaction between the two factors. The exposure rate of other factors did not reveal the difference in the two groups. With the increase of HBV DNA in pregnant women, the risk of HBV intrauterine infection was rising (chi2 = 16.74, P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Risk factors of HBV intrauterine infection were HLA-DR3 positive and HBV DNA positive in pregnant women but there was no interaction between the two factors. The risk of HBV intrauterine infection was increased along with the increase of HBV DNA in pregnant women.</p>

Expression of intrahepatic CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the expression and distribution of intrahepatic CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in immuno-tolerant and immuno-clearance phase of patients with chronic hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of FoxP3 was detected in 19 cases of immuno-tolerant phase and 12 cases of immuno-clearance phase by immunohistochemistry. The relation between the intrahepatic expression of FoxP3 and the clinicopathological features were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positive signal of FoxP3 is located in nuclear of lymphocyte and mainly aggregated in portal areas as well as occasionally scattered in hepatic sinusoids. The expression of intrahepatic FoxP3 in the group of immuno-tolerant phase was significantly increased than those in normal control (P < 0.01), and greatly decreased than those in immuno-clearance phase (P < 0.01). No correlation was observed among the expression of intrahepatic FoxP3, ALT, levels of HBV DNA, HBeAg positive, in patients of immuno-clearance phase, respectively. There were significant differences between immuno-tolerant phase and immuno-clearance phase age, ALT, TBIL, PTA, HBV-DNA and detection of HBeAg but not in sex and family history of HBV infection.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells may play important roles in the clearance of HBV as well as in liver inflammation and injury during chronic HBV infection.</p>

Detection of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in liver tissues of fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after liver and kidney transplantation / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To study the expression and distribution of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in liver tissues of patients with fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) after liver and kidney transplantation and to investigate their roles in the pathogenesis of FCH.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Liver biopsy specimens from five patients with FCH were studied histopathologically. A specific marker for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in those specimens was detected with anti-FOXP3 monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry. Apoptoses of hepatocytes were detected with in situ apoptosis detection TUNEL kit.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Fibrosis in portal and around portal areas, cholestasis in some of the hepatocytes and canaliculi, widespread ballooning and ground-glass appearance of liver cells, and positivity of HBsAg and HBcAg and Pre-S1 protein were seen in the livers of all cases. The positive signal of FOXP3 was located in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes and the positive cells were mainly aggregated in the portal areas as well as occasionally appearing in the hepatic sinusoids. There were many more apoptotic hepatocytes near the portal areas.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis has specific pathological characteristics which might be caused by high expressions of FOXP3 in liver tissues.</p>

Pathology of AIDS-related lymphadenopathy and its relationship to expression of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells in lymphoid node tissue / 中国医学科学院学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the pathology of AIDS-related lymphadenopathy and its relationship to the expression and distribution of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells in lymphoid node tissue.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 22 biopsy and 13 autopsy lymphoid node tissues from HIV-positive patients were examined under microscopy and pathological staging was performed. Specific marker for CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells in lymphoid node tissue was detected with anti-Foxp3 monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among all the 35 specimens, 5, 4, 14, and 12 specimens were histopathologically staged from 1 to 4, respectively. FoxP3 were detected in all lymphoid node tissues. The distribution of FoxP3-positive lymphocytes were mainly in intermediate zone of follicle and cortical area in stages 1 and 2. The counts of FoxP3-positive lymphocytes remarkably decreased in stages 3 and 4, following depletion of lymphocytes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells exist in lymphoid node tissue of patients with HIV infection. Their amounts decrease or deplete along with the progression of AIDS-related lymphadenopathy.</p>

A pathological study on liver tissues of patients with HIV infection / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the pathological changes of the liver tissues of patients with HIV infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>14 biopsy and 12 autopsy liver tissues were examined histologically. HIV-1 related antigen of outer membrane protein gp120 and capsid protein p24 were examined with their corresponding monoclonal antibodies by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the biopsy group, cytomegalic virus (CMV) infection was found in one (1/14) case, outer membrane protein gp120 and/or capsid protein p24 antigen were detected in Kupffer cells and in some of the lymphocytes in 11 cases. All the hepatocytes were negative for outer membrane protein gp120 and capsid protein p24 antigens. In the autopsy group, there were 5 (5/12) cases of liver tissues with CMV infection and 5 cases each with mycobacterium and Toxoplasma gondii infection. Capsid protein p24 was detected in liver tissues in 3 cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There is HIV infection in liver tissue of patients with HIV. The rate of opportunistic infections in liver biopsy samples was lower than that in the autopsy liver tissues of patients with HIV.</p>

Lung pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome: a report of six full autopsies / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging infectious disease that first manifested in humans in November 2002. The SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has been identified as the causal agent, but the pathology and pathogenesis are still not quite clear.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Post-mortem lung samples from six patients who died from SARS from April to July 2003 were studied by light and electron microscopy, Masson trichromal staining and immunohistochemistry. Evidence of infection with the SARS-CoV was determined by reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) , serological examination and electron microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Four of six patients had serological and RT-PCR evidence of recent infection of SARS-CoV. Morphologic changes are summarized as follows: (1) Diffuse and bilateral lung consolidation was seen in all patients (6/6) with increasing lung weight. (2) Diffuse alveolar damage was universal (6/6) with hyaline membrane formation (6/6), intra-alveolar edema/hemorrhage (6/6), fibrin deposition (6/6), pneumocyte desquamation (6/6). A marked disruption in the integrity of the alveolar epithelium was confirmed by immunostaining for the epithelial marker AE1/AE3 (6/6). (3) Type II pneumocytes, with mild hyperplasia, atypia, cytomegaly with granular amphophilic cytoplasm and intracytoplasmic lipid accumulation (5/6). (4) Giant cells in the alveoli were seen in five of 6 patients (5/6) , most of which were positive for the epithelial marker AE1/AE3 (5/6), but some cells were positive for the macrophage marker CD68(2/6). (5) A pronounced increase of macrophages were seen in the alveoli and the interstitium of the lung (6/6), which was confirmed by histological study and immunohistochemistry. (6) Haemophagocytosis was present in five of the 6 patients(5/6). (7) Lung fibrosis was seen in five patients(5/6), with alveolar septa and interstitium thickening(5/6), intraalveolar organizing exudates (6/6) and pleura thickening (4/6). Proliferation of collagen was confirmed by Masson trichromal staining, most of which was type III collagen by immunostaining. The formation of distinctive fibroblast/myofibroblast foci was seen in five patients (5/6) by light microscopy and immunochemistry. (8) Squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa was seen in five patients(5/6). (9) Thrombi was seen in all patients(6/6). (10) Accompanying infection was present in two patients, one was bacteria, the other was fungus. In addition, electron microscopy revealed viral particles in the cytoplasm of alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells corresponding to coronavirus.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Direct injury of SARS-CoV on alveolar epithelium, prominent macrophage infiltration and distinctive fibroblast/myofibroblast proliferation may play major roles in the pathogenesis of SARS.</p>